Contraindicationsfor upper extremity venous duplex imaging are unlikely; however,some limitations exist and may include the following:

• Obesity
• Recent surgery in the region of exam, the presence of casts,surgical staples/dressings, open wounds, hematoma
• Patients with severe edema/swelling
• Central venous line or dialysis access catheter
• Visualization of the entire length of the subclavian vein is hampered by the clavicle
• Involuntary movement or inability to remain still during examination
• Studies done at bedside may be limited due to patient access and room dimensions.