1. We recommend regular clinical monitoring (inspection, palpation, auscultation, and monitoring for prolonged bleeding after needle withdrawal) to detect access dysfunction (Grade 1, Level C).
2. We suggest access flow monitoring or static dialysis venous pressures for routine surveillance (Grade 2, Level C).
3. We suggest performing a Duplex ultrasound (DU) study or contrast imaging study in accesses that display clinical signs of dysfunction or abnormal routine surveillance (Grade 2, Level C).