1. We suggest percutaneous catheter-based techniques (pharmacologic or pharmacomechanical) as first-line therapy for early thrombus removal in patients meeting the criteria in 2.1 (Grade 2, Level C).
2. We suggest a strategy of pharmacomechanical thrombolysis be considered over catheter-directed pharmacologic thrombolysis alone if expertise and resources are available (Grade 2, Level C).
3. We suggest open surgical venous thrombectomy in selected patients who are candidates for anti- coagulation but in whom thrombolytic therapy is contraindicated (Grade 2, Level C).