The primary panel established the scope of the guidelines (ie, 4 themes: preoperative cardiac risk assessment, perioperative cardiac risk modification, monitoring for perioperative cardiac events, and management of perioperative cardiac complications), identified topics and working groups, searched the literature, developed the summary of findings and GRADE quality assessment tables, voted on the recommendations, and wrote the guidelines. The secondary panel reviewed the guidelines manuscript and made suggested edits and comments, which the primary panel addressed. Next the guidelines were sent to the CCS Guidelines Committee; they also provided suggested edits and comments that the primary panel addressed before finally submitting the guidelines to the CCS Council.