Expected outcomes of interventions (minimal dose for effect)
Dietary cholesterol intake <300 mg/day (NCEP step I diet)
↓ LDL-C 10-12%
Dietary cholesterol intake <200 mg/day (NCEP step II diet)
↓ LDL-C 12-16%
Saturated fats <7% of daily caloric intake
↓ LDL-C 5-10%; ↓ CVD mortality 14%
Phytosterols 1-2 gm/day
↓ LDL-C 5-8%
Soy proteins with isoflavones 25 g/day
↓ LDL-C 3-5%
Viscous fibre 10 g/day
↓ LDL-C 3-5%
Nuts 30-67g /day
↓ LDL-C 5-7%, ↓ TG 5-10%
Portfolio type diet
↓ LDL-C 8-14%
Mediterranean type diet
↓ LDL-C 5-10%; ↓ CVD mortality
DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet
↓ CVD mortality in those with hypertension
Moderated Alcohol intake 1-2 drinks/day
↑ HDL 5-10%, ↓ CVD events
Weight loss and reduction of abdominal obesity: 5-10% of body weight loss
↓ LDL-C, ↑ HDL, ↓ TG, ↓cardiometabolic risk
Omega-3 - 2-4 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/day
↓ TG 25-30% in those with ↑ TG
Exercise 30-60 min/day moderate to vigourous intensity
↑ HDL 5-10%, ↓ CVD events
Smoking cessation
↑ HDL, ↓ CVD events