- Current cigarette smoking
- Diabetes
- Arterial hypertension
- Family history of premature CVD (First-degree relative aged <55 years in men and <65 years in women)
- Family history of hyperlipidemia
- Erectile dysfunction
- Chronic kidney disease (eGFR ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or urinary ACR ≥3 mg/mmol)
- Inflammatory disease, such as: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and inflammatory bowel disease
- HIV infection
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Clinical evidence of atherosclerosis or abdominal aneurysm
- Clinical manifestation of hyperlipidemia (xanthomas, xanthelasmas or premature arcus cornealis)
- Obesity (body mass index >27 kg/m2 or metabolic syndrome, pre-diabetes or polycystic ovarian syndrome)
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