| Table 3: Selected risk markers for the development of heart failure |
|---|
| Demographic and lifestyle |
| Older age |
| Male sex |
| Heavy alcohol use |
| Smoking* |
| Physical inactivity* |
| Medical history |
| Hypertension* |
| Coronary artery disease |
| Diabetes mellitus* |
| Hyperlipidemia* |
| Obesity* |
| Markers |
| Abnormal ECG |
| Increased cardiothoracic ratio on CXR |
| Elevated neurohormonal biomarkers |
| Elevated resting heart rate |
| Microalbuminuria |
*important public health targets for prevention.
CXR, chest x-ray;