We recommend a thorough clinical evaluation of the patient to assess their clinical hemodynamic profile (Recommendation Strong, Quality Low).

We recommend the use of a validated diagnostic scoring system for patients in whom the diagnosis of AHF is being considered (Recommendation Strong, Quality Moderate).

We recommend that in the clinical scenario when the clinical diagnosis of AHF is of intermediate pre-test probability, NP level be obtained to rule out or rule in AHF as the cause for the presenting symptoms suspicious of AHF (Recommendation Strong, Quality Moderate).

Values and Preferences: This recommendation places a relatively high value on evaluating the constellation of clinical findings in a patient with suspected AHF and less value on an individual physical examination finding, presenting symptom or investigation.