Suggested methods to prevent following complications
Contrast-induced nephropathy
Incidence: 7%-43%
Prehydration; lower dose of diuretics; lower dose of contrast, dilution of contrast
Pneumothorax
Incidence: 0.6%-1.0%
Extrathoracic puncture, echo-guided or contrast-guided venous puncture, axillary is preferred to subclavian; use of cephalic vein
Pericardial effusion
Incidence: 1.5%
Use of soft-tip guides and access tools
Hematoma
Incidence: 3%-6%
Avoid low molecular weight heparin periprocedurally
Phrenic nerve stimulation
Incidence: Up to 13%
Conscious sedation; no paralytic agents; identify all available coronary vein branches; use of multipolar leads (additional electrodes)
Lead-related complications
Incidence: 3.5%-18.7%
Appropriate training and adequate procedural volumes
Device infection
Incidence: 1.3%-2.6%
Appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis before skin incision; chlorhexidine skin preparation; limited shaving