| High risk |
|---|
| Neurosurgery (intracranial or spinal surgery) |
| Cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass or heart valve replacement) |
| Major vascular surgery (abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, aortofemoral bypass) |
| Major urologic surgery (prostatectomy, bladder tumour resection) |
| Major lower limb orthopaedic surgery (hip/knee joint replacement surgery) |
| Lung resection surgery |
| Intestinal anastomosis surgery |
| Selected invasive procedures (kidney biopsy, prostate biopsy, cervical cone biopsy, pericardiocentesis, colonic polypectomy or biopsies) |
| Intermediate risk |
| Other intra-abdominal surgery |
| Other intrathoracic surgery |
| Other orthopaedic surgery |
| Other vascular surgery |
| Low risk |
| Laparoscopic cholecystectomy |
| Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair |
| Dental procedures |
| Dermatologic procedures |
| Ophthalmologic procedures* |
| Coronary angiography |
| Gastroscopy or colonoscopy |
| Selected invasive procedures (bone marrow aspirate and biopsy, lymph node biopsy, thoracentesis, paracentesis, arthrocentesis) |
| Cardiac implantable device surgery (pacemaker or implantable defibrillator)† |
| Very low risk |
| Dental extractions (1 or 2 teeth) or teeth cleaning |
| Skin biopsy or skin cancer removal |
| Cataract removal |
* Selected ophthalmic procedures might be high risk such as those with retrobulbar block.
† Based on results from the Bridge or Continue Coumadin for Device Surgery Randomized Controlled Trial (BRUISECONTROL) trial.1
1. Birnie DH, Healey JS, Wells GA, et al. Pacemaker or defibrillator surgery without interruption of anticoagulation. N Engl J Med 2013;368:2084-93.