We recommend that postoperative AF with a rapid ventricular response be treated with a &beta;-blocker, a non–dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, or amiodarone to establish ventricular rate control. In the absence of a specific contraindication, the order of choice is as listed. (Recommendation Strong, Quality High)<br /><br /><b>Values and preferences: </b>This recommendation places a high value on the randomized controlled trials investigating rate control as an alternative to rhythm control for AF, recognizing that these trials did not specifically address the postoperative period.