Risk Levels
Very High Risk
Neurosurgery (intracranial or spinal surgery)
Cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass or heart valve replacement)
High Risk
Major vascular surgery (abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, aortofemoral bypass)
Major urologic surgery (prostatectomy, bladder tumour resection)
Major lower limb orthopaedic surgery (hip/knee joint replacement)
Lung resection surgery
Intestinal anastomosis surgery
Permanent pacemaker insertion or internal defibrillator placement
Selected procedures (kidney biopsy, pericardiocentesis, colonic polypectomy)
Intermediate Risk
Other intra-abdominal surgery
Other intrathoracic surgery
Other orthopaedic surgery
Other vascular surgery
Selected procedures (prostate or cervical biopsy)
Low Risk
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair
Dental procedures
Dermatologic procedures
Ophthalmologic procedures
Coronary angiography
Gastroscopy or colonoscopy
Selected procedures (bone marrow or lymph node biopsy, thoracentesis, paracentesis, arthrocentesis)
Very Low Risk
Single tooth extraction or teeth cleaning
Skin biopsy or selected skin cancer removal
Cataract removal