| Echocardiographic measurements and cutoff values |
|---|
| Atrial fibrillation |
| Peak acceleration rate of mitral E velocity (≥1,900 cm/s2), IVRT (≤65 ms), DT of pulmonary venous diastolic velocity (≤220 ms), E/Vp ratio (≥1.4), and septal E/e= ratio (≥11) |
| Sinus tachycardia |
| Mitral inflow pattern with predominant early LV filling in patients with EFs <50%, IVRT ≤70 ms is specific (79%), systolic filling fraction ≤40% is specific (88%), lateral E/e' >10 (a ratio >12 has highest the specificity of 96%) |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
| Lateral E/e' (≥10), Ar - A (≥30 ms), PA pressure (>35 mmHg), and LA volume (≥34 mL/m2) |
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy |
| DT (<140 ms), mitral E/A (>2.5), IVRT (<50 ms has high specificity), and septal E/e' (>15) |
| Noncardiac pulmonary hypertension |
| Lateral E/e' can be applied to determine whether a cardiac etiology is the underlying reason for the increased PA pressures (cardiac etiology: E/e' >10; noncardiac etiology: E/e' <8) |
| Mitral stenosis |
| VRT (<60 ms has high specificity), IVRT/ TE-e' (<4.2), mitral A velocity (>1.5 m/s) |
| MR |
| Ar - A (≥30 ms), IVRT (<60 ms has high specificity), and IVRT/TE-e' (<3) may be applied for the prediction of LV filling pressures in patients with MR and normal EFs, whereas average E/e' (>15) is applicable only in the presence of a depressed EF |
A comprehensive approach is recommended in all of the above settings, and conclusions should not be based on single measurements. Specificity comments refer to predicting filling pressures >15 mmHg.